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I remember reading an ncatcafe page with a result that a category with certain properties must either be the category of sets and partial functions or a category of vector spaces. Does this ring any bells?
I found it
Recently Leinster and his master student Maia Woolf worked on this topic, and so did I with my master student Aditya Prakash.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31599
https://gupea.ub.gu.se/items/40d76650-5854-402c-96f3-a03949dfea3a
Centuries ago I gave a talk on this topic too as a form of popularization: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cGgOmnqzvE
I'm wondering if anyone has looked at the same question over ∞-groupoids. There I think the examples from Set break. Like a circle with a point on it isn't the disjoint union of some space with the point. And a chain complex which has dimension 0 at the bottom can't be the chain complex of any ∞-groupoid. So the analogues of pointed sets and vector spaces aren't always free.
Not an answer, but this is related and very interesting: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.08802. Aditya does a good job in collecting references on the topic in his thesis (including this one).