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Is there an easy way to tell when the topos of presheaves on (a small category) is a coherent topos?
If has finite limits then it's true (maybe more or less by definition, depending on the definition). In general it's not true. For example, if is a discrete category on an infinite set then the terminal object of the presheaf category is not even finitely generated.
For simplicial sets I think it's true and that the coherent objects are the finite simplicial sets, and basically the reasons are that the product of two simplices can be formed by taking finitely many simplices and quotienting out by an equivalence relation which is also generated by finitely many simplices. But it's not so clear to me how to reduce this to simple statements about the index category .
Thm 2.1 might answer your question
Yes, thanks! I think I came across this paper in searches but couldn't easily find a pdf copy.
I guess I already knew that simplicial sets are the classifying topos for a coherent theory, namely intervals. But this somehow seems quite indirect.
Check out chapter 8 of Mac Lane-Moerdijk
I've only briefly read through it but it explains this fact in more detail