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I am wondering if the category of finite dimensional Hilbert Spaces and general linear maps factorizes a (probability) measures monad on some particular category of spaces. There may be some discussion as to the right choice of maps in the category defining FdHilb.
It sounds like you're talking about the Giry monad? https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Giry+monad
Or did you have something more specific in mind?
I don't understand this question, since the space of probability measures on a vector space doesn't itself carry a vector space structure (eg. you can't meaningfully multiply a probability measure by a scalar)
There are quite a few known probability monads on various different kinds of spaces, but not vector spaces
I feel like a version of the Kantorovich monad which uses the second Wasserstein metric could do the trick. (But of course then you have to give up finite dimensions.)
You could relax 'vector spaces' to 'cones' and then I guess you get at least and endofunctor (see Panangaden's work)