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Stream: learning: questions

Topic: Showing distinct homsets are the same?


view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Mar 23 2025 at 02:02):

If I view the integers ZZ as a category with "less than" as the arrows, then the Hasse diagram looks like an infinite line of dots with arrows pointing towards the right.

Z(x,y)Z(x, y) has the same number of arrows as Z(x+c,y+c)Z(x + c, y +c) for all integers c.

So in a sense, "all morphisms between adjacent integers are the same".

You can imagine this category being freely generated by the graph of integers with one edge between nn and n+1n + 1 for all integers nn.

I'm trying to do a bit better and clarify what it means to say "all these edges are 'really' just a translation of one edge". To my intuition, there's only one generating arrow of this category. I want to show this without collapsing all the integers into one isomorphic object.

Are there good ways to compare homsets in this way? Can I somehow articulate what it means for homsets to "be the same" even if their objects are not isomorphic?

view this post on Zulip David Egolf (Mar 23 2025 at 17:11):

If you start with a set having a single element, the free monoid generated by that set is the natural numbers, N\mathbb{N}, together with its usual addition.

We can let this monoid act on the set of integers by addition. So, viewing N\mathbb{N} as a category with a single object, we get a functor F:NSetF:\mathbb{N} \to \mathsf{Set}. This functor sends the single object of N\mathbb{N} to the set of integers. And it sends an element nn of N\mathbb{N} to the function xx+nx \mapsto x + n, the function which adds nn to any integer xx.

I think that the category of elements of FF is the category you describe above. (Although note that we need to have identity morphisms, so intuitively the arrows correspond to "less than or equal to" instead of "less than"). Checking that this is correct (or proving me wrong!) might be a good exercise to do.

view this post on Zulip David Egolf (Mar 23 2025 at 17:15):

So this process lets us create the category you described starting from (1) a set with a single element and (2) the additive monoid of integers. I'm not sure if noticing that helps answer your question.

view this post on Zulip Patrick Nicodemus (Mar 23 2025 at 17:33):

@Alex Kreitzberg A functor from a category CDC\to D has a function Hom(c,c)Hom(Fc,Fc)Hom(c,c') \to Hom(F c, F c') for all c,cc,c'. If this function is a bijection for all c,cc,c' we say that the functor FF is fully faithful. The function xx+cx\mapsto x+c extends to a fully faithful functor from ZZ to itself.

view this post on Zulip David Egolf (Mar 23 2025 at 17:34):

A different idea could be as follows. Consider an endofunctor G:CCG:C \to C. If GG is part of an equivalence of categories, then we might say that C(a,b)C(a,b) is similar in some sense to C(G(a),G(b))C(G(a),G(b)).

(Edit: I see @Patrick Nicodemus already posted something roughly in this direction!)

view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Mar 23 2025 at 20:14):

Beautiful! I believe these answer my question. Thinking for example about Patrick's FF and the (you're right less than or equal, sorry!) arrow from l:01l : 0 \rightarrow 1 as the "generator", I can write all the generating arrows as F(l)nF(l)^{n} for some nZn \in \mathbb Z.

It's funny, one thought on exploring this, is "what if I have a two dimensional grid, where some of the 'roads' are broken for whatever reason" in that case I think you can have a functor to a category encoding the directions, and the arrows would map to "their direction".

So to define this "direction" functor DD do the following.

Define a category of directions with one object \cdot,
So if "up" was u:u : \cdot \rightarrow \cdot and "right" was r:r : \cdot \rightarrow \cdot then we'd want ru=urr \circ u = u \circ r.

DD will map from the grid Z×Z\mathbb Z \times \mathbb Z with some arrows removed, every integer pair maps to \cdot.

For homsets, if hom((x,y),(x+1,y))hom((x, y), (x + 1, y)) is nonempty, its one arrow should then map to rr, and similarly if hom((x,y),(x,y+1))hom((x, y), (x, y + 1)) is nonempty its one arrow should map to uu.

I think this example is related to but different than David's first example. I'm not sure it can be related to generators cleanly. I guess the functor I described above would be essentially subjective.

But anyways, I think this is all making sense, I'm getting used to manipulating these categories in the manner I want to. Thank you both for your answers.

view this post on Zulip Notification Bot (Mar 23 2025 at 20:22):

Alex Kreitzberg has marked this topic as resolved.

view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Mar 23 2025 at 20:42):

Actually one more addendum to that last thought!

Define your arrows across the infinite grid category, omitting some arrows per your whims.

Then quotient the category freely generated on these by the relationships implied by their mapping into the direction category!

That also does what I want I think! Thanks again everybody!

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 24 2025 at 02:52):

The integers with the usual \le and + is a monoid
object in the category of posets, e.g. the operation + is order-preserving, so we can think of it as a monoidal category where objects are integers and there's a unique morphism from m to n iff m \le n. This fact gives functions

hom(m,n) \to hom(m+k,n+k)

but because the integers are also a group these functions are bijections.

So, we get this whenever we have a monoid object in the category of posets whose underlying monoid is a group. People probably call such a thing a 'partially ordered group'. There are some fun nonabelian examples in physics.

(Note our example is not a group object in the category of posets because negation is order-reversing. I bet the usual definition of 'partially ordered group' assumes or implies that.)

view this post on Zulip Notification Bot (Mar 24 2025 at 02:53):

John Baez has marked this topic as unresolved.

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 24 2025 at 02:57):

(Maybe I'm being silly, but I "unresolved" this question because there's plenty more to say about such things.)

view this post on Zulip Adittya Chaudhuri (Mar 24 2025 at 13:56):

Thanks!! I was not aware of these objects, "partially ordered groups," till today. I find the fact that "group objects in the category of posets are not same as partially ordered groups" interesting.

view this post on Zulip Adittya Chaudhuri (Mar 24 2025 at 14:16):

From the point of nomenclature,

Group object in Set= Set theoretic group(Group)= Group internal to Set
Group objects in Top = Topological group = Group internal to Top
Group objects in Man= Lie group= Group internal to Man
Group objects in Cat= Categorical group(Strict 2-group)= Group internal to Cat
....... so on

but,

Group object in Pos \neq Partially ordered group \neq Group internal to Pos (as the inverse function is not order preserving as @John Baez mentioned.)

Question is then, why do we call these objects as "partially ordered groups" ?

view this post on Zulip Kevin Carlson (Mar 24 2025 at 14:30):

Well, the desire to talk about groups that have a partial order came up historically long before anybody realized this terminology would be mildly annoying to later category theorists. Besides, there essentially aren't any group objects in the category of partial orders, so there's little risk of confusion.

view this post on Zulip Adittya Chaudhuri (Mar 24 2025 at 14:31):

I see your point.

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 24 2025 at 21:12):

I thought it was obvious that there aren't interesting abelian group objects in the category of posets, but now I'm not seeing why.

(I'm saying 'abelian' just to keep things easy: we can write the group operation as + and know x+y =y+x.)

What counts as interesting? We can take any abelian group and make it into an abelian group object in the category of posets by saying x \ge y iff x=y. That counts as uninteresting!

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 24 2025 at 21:15):

On the other hand suppose we have an abelian group object in the category of posets. If x \ge 0 then we get -x \ge 0, which sounds bad. Oh, I see: then add x to both sides and get 0 \ge x. This then implies x=0.

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 24 2025 at 21:18):

So: in an abelian group object in the category of posets, if x \ge y then x-y \ge 0 and then by our previous argument x-y =0 so x=y.

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 24 2025 at 21:19):

So all distinct elements are incomparable. :face_with_symbols_on_mouth:

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 24 2025 at 21:21):

(That's a QED symbol for theorems that make you angry.)

view this post on Zulip Kevin Carlson (Mar 24 2025 at 21:42):

(just to note that abelianness didn't get used in there)

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 25 2025 at 04:45):

Good, so it was just a psychological crutch!

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 09:57):

Is there a way to axiomatise partially ordered groups with inversion being order-reversing?

I am thinking about the fact that the opposite category is a dual in the monoidal bicategory of profunctors, so presumably the opposite poset is also a dual in some appropriate bicategory of "order-preserving pro-maps".
You could have a symmetric monoidal theory with types PP and PP^*, together with zig-zag equations that specify that the two types are each other's dual, and then this would allow you to specify inversion as an operation of type PPP \to P^*, which interpreted in "posets and pro-maps" would be an order-reversing map up to canonical isomorphism.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 09:58):

Well, actually it would be an order-reversing pro-map.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 10:00):

But perhaps it would be possible to define such a theory, so that the models whose operations are "genuine" maps and not pro-maps are exactly partially ordered groups.

view this post on Zulip James Deikun (Mar 25 2025 at 10:40):

Another way to specify them is "the pullback in Cat\mathsf{Cat} of the forgetful functor from partially ordered monoids to monoids along the forgetful functor from groups to monoids".

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 11:38):

Yeah, it seems to me like there are all sorts of good reasons to treat “existence of inverses” as a property of monoids rather than an operation --- iirc the most useful categorifications of Hopf algebras (those that satisfy the “most correct” categorified Tannaka reconstruction theorems) do not admit the antipode as an operation --- but I am curious about whether in this particular case one can still make things work in terms of categorical universal algebra.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 12:09):

Interestingly, this article by Gunnar Fløystad starts with

This article advocates for general posets P and Q the notion of profunctor P -|→ Q as more effective than the notion of isotone (order preserving) maps P → Q between posets, especially for applications in algebra.

So it may be worth looking at generalised partially ordered groups as models of a symmetric monoidal theory in posets and profunctors (or pro-maps).

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 12:49):

I'd conjecture that this could be an interesting set of generators and relations for a symmetric monoidal theory (a coloured prop): we would have two types PP and PP^*, and as generators

We also have, structurally, symmetric bradings σ,\sigma_{\bullet,\bullet}.

As equations we would have

  1. equations saying that mm and uu give a monoid structure on PP,
  2. zig-zag equations saying that η\eta and ε\varepsilon make PP and PP^* into each other's dual,
  3. the equation m(idPs)η=u(εσP,Pη)m \circ (\mathrm{id}_P \otimes s) \circ \eta = u \circ (\varepsilon \circ \sigma_{P, P^*} \circ \eta)

Here εσP,Pη\varepsilon \circ \sigma_{P, P^*} \circ \eta is the abstract dimension of PP i.e. the trace of idP\mathrm{id}_P, which is a scalar.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 12:54):

The idea I have in my mind is that m(idPs)ηm \circ (\mathrm{id}_P \otimes s) \circ \eta should behave formally like

xPxx1\sum_{x \in P} x \cdot x^{-1}

while udim(P)u \circ \mathrm{dim}(P) is like P1P|P| 1_P, where 1P1_P is the group unit and P|P| the cardinality of PP, so this is the equation I'd expect.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 12:59):

It's interesting that this theory does not require a comonoid structure unlike the usual “Hopf algebra”-like presentation of groups.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 13:00):

(Perhaps it would make sense to move this to a separate thread, sorry for diverting this one.)

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Mar 25 2025 at 14:39):

Amar Hadzihasanovic said:

Is there a way to axiomatise partially ordered groups with inversion being order-reversing?

This property, that inversion is order-reversing, follows from the usual definition of partially ordered group, which I believe is equivalent to "a monoid in posets whose underlying monoid in sets is a group". (You mentioned this approach later.)

Given such a thing we see that given

x \ge y

we can add -y to both sides and get

x - y \ge 0

and then add -x to both sides and get

-y \ge -x

so negation is order-reversing.

(I'm using additive notation but not assuming abelianness.)

So, if the existence of inverses is treated as a mere property of a monoid in posets, they automatically obey this law.

But it's still fun to think about other approaches!

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 14:52):

Ok so I think I can at least show that every partially ordered group is, indeed, a model of the theory that I described.

As a preliminary, let me describe the category of posets and pro-maps more explicitly, in the style of the paper by Fløystad:

(This is really an instance of enriched profunctors where the basis of enrichment is the ordinal 2\mathbf{2}; the map PP^P \to \hat{P} is the 2\mathbf{2}-enriched Yoneda embedding)

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 15:02):

The cartesian product of posets determines a symmetric monoidal structure on this category.
With respect to this symmetric monoidal structure, the opposite poset PopP^\mathrm{op} is a two-sided dual to PP:

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 15:11):

Now I claim that every partially ordered group gives a model of the theory that I described a few posts before.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 15:15):

Now the equations relative to multiplication and unit follow immediately from the fact that a partially ordered group is in particular an internal monoid in (posets, order-preserving maps, cartesian product), and post-composing with the Yoneda embedding determines a monoidal functor from this to (posets, pro-maps, cartesian product).

The equations relative to duality follow from the fact that indeed PP and PopP^\mathrm{op} are duals.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 15:22):

Finally, by calculation, m(idP×s)ηm \circ (\mathrm{id}_P \times s) \circ \eta picks the lower set

{xy1x,yP,xy}\bigcup \set{ \downarrow xy^{-1} \mid x, y \in P, x \leq y}

But if xyx \leq y then xy11Pxy^{-1} \leq 1_P where 1P1_P is the group unit, so xy11P\downarrow xy^{-1} \subseteq \downarrow 1_P, so this union is included in 1P\downarrow 1_P; and conversely, since xxx \leq x for each xPx \in P, the lower set 1P\downarrow 1_P is included in the union, so overall this is just picking the lower set of the group unit.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 15:26):

Now, there are only 2 scalars in this monoidal category --- the elements of 2\mathbf{2} --- and dim(P)\mathrm{dim}(P) is \varnothing if PP is empty, and 11 otherwise. Since every partially ordered group is nonempty, dim(P)\mathrm{dim}(P) is 11 that is the unit scalar.

So we have, indeed, m(idP×s)η=udim(P)=um \circ (\mathrm{id}_P \times s) \circ \eta = u \circ \mathrm{dim}(P) = u, since both sides pick the lower set of the group unit.

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 15:44):

To give one example of models of this theory where the presence of dim(P)\mathrm{dim}(P) in the final equation is non-trivial, I claim that the free kk-vector space kGkG on a finite group GG gives a model of my theory in the compact closed category of kk-vector spaces with the tensor product:

view this post on Zulip Amar Hadzihasanovic (Mar 25 2025 at 15:46):

Then, indeed, m(idkGs)ηm \circ (\mathrm{id}_{kG} \otimes s) \circ \eta is the map 1kgGgg1=(G1k)1G1_k \mapsto \sum_{g \in G} gg^{-1} = (|G|1_k) 1_G, which is equal to udim(kG)u \circ \mathrm{dim}(kG) since the dimension of kGkG is equal to G1k|G|1_k.

view this post on Zulip Fernando Yamauti (Mar 26 2025 at 21:10):

Amar Hadzihasanovic said:

iirc the most useful categorifications of Hopf algebras (those that satisfy the “most correct” categorified Tannaka reconstruction theorems) do not admit the antipode as an operation

Could you clarify what's this "most correct" categorification of Hopf algebras and why it has no notion of an antipode? Are you referring perhaps to rigid monoidal cats? Or maybe trialgebras? Any references?

view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Apr 21 2025 at 23:54):

While thinking about binary algebras, I better understood the significance behind Baez's suggestion to think of monoid objects in the category of posets.

Suppose you're given a monoid MM, we can make this into a preorder by drawing an arrow between two elements aa and cc if there exists an element bb such that ab=cab = c, denote this condition by aca | c. We can even label such an arrow bb.

This is a preorder because aaa | a and aba | b with bcb | c implies aca | c. (proof: a1=1,ax=b,bx=c    axx=ca1 = 1, ax' = b, bx'' = c \implies ax'x'' = c)

1x1 | x for all xMx \in M, making the identity initial.

If our monoid is commutative then it's monotonic, If aca | c and bdb | d, then abcdab | cd.

There's a more complicated story here involving left division and right division that I wasn't able to sort out. Maybe Amar was able to get a good chunk of it sorted, but I don't need it right now.

Homomorphisms preserve divisibility, ab=c    ϕ(a)ϕ(b)=ϕ(c)ab =c \implies \phi(a)\phi(b) = \phi(c) for all homomorphisms ϕ\phi. So homomorphisms are also naturally monotonic maps with respect to this definition.

This gives us the structure of our functor O:CommMonOrdCommMonO : \mathsf{Comm Mon} \rightarrow \mathsf{Ord Comm Mon}

let ff and gg be composable monoid homomorphisms. Then O(fg)(x)=f(g(x))=O(f)(O(g)(x))O(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = O(f)(O(g)(x)), that is OO preserves the composition because all it's doing is noting the presence of an extra property of functions, monotonicity. (The identity is trivially preserved)

So we have a functor on commutative monoids giving them an order! We can forget this preorder to get back our original monoid, or we could keep the preorder and forget it came from a monoid. Call these forgetful functors UMonU_{\mathsf{Mon}} and UPreU_{\mathsf{Pre}}.

This gives an interesting way to frame some questions I was trying to ask about these objects. For example, the natural number preorder, ignoring its monoid structure, seems to uniquely define natural numbers. I suspect that means the fiber over the preorder NN under the functor UPreOU_{\mathsf{Pre}}O, is a contractible groupoid containing the monoid NN.

If this is provable that would be a really fun way of answering my original question "How to show the distinct homsets are the same?" for the special cases I was exploring.

I'm struggling to get a handle on all the moving parts though so maybe there's an even more interesting and general story here.

In any case, I started thinking about this again, because while trying to understand Setop\mathsf{Set}^{\text{op}} by reading the wikipedia article Boolean algebras canonically defined (Date: 4/21/2025), I noticed the article referred to a lattice basis vs a ring basis for thinking about boolean logic.

So I suspect there's a similar sort of Functor dance between commutative rings and preorders, which in the special case of boolean logic lets us use lattices ( the usual propositional calculus way ) or algebra.

I have a bunch more ideas connected to this stuff, and I'm not convinced I didn't make a mistake above. But I still wanted to leave a note here to keep my thoughts organized.

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Apr 22 2025 at 00:07):

Interestingly this preorder you're putting on commutative monoids featured recently in my conversation with @Adittya Chaudhuri. We were using it to define the 'minimal' elements of certain commutative monoids we're studying.

You say this process gives a functor

O:CommMonOrdCommMonO : \mathsf{Comm Mon} \rightarrow \mathsf{Ord Comm Mon}

from commutative monoids to preordered commutative monoids, which sounds right, and you also mention the (more obvious) functor

U:OrdCommMonCommMon U : \mathsf{Ord Comm Mon} \rightarrow \mathsf{Comm Mon}

which forgets the preorder. But now you're making me wonder:

Question: is OO the left adjoint of UU?

view this post on Zulip Adittya Chaudhuri (Apr 22 2025 at 03:47):

Interesting!! If OO is really a left adjoint to UU, then we may compose the functor OO with the free monoid functor Free ⁣:SetCommMonFree \colon \mathsf{Set} \to \mathsf{CommMon} to obtain an adjoint pair of functors between Set\mathsf{Set} and OrdCommMon\mathsf{OrdCommMon}.

view this post on Zulip John Baez (Apr 22 2025 at 04:56):

I haven't checked whether OO is left adjoint to UU, but I have a pretty good understanding of

OFree:SetOrdCommMon O \circ \text{Free} : \mathsf{Set} \to \textsf{OrdCommMon},

so I might as well share it with anyone who doesn't. If XX is a set, O(Free(X))O(\text{Free}(X)) is the commutative monoid whose elements are functions

f:XN f: X \to \mathbb{N}

such that f(x)=0f(x) = 0 except for finitely many xXx \in X, made into a commutative monoid with the addition defined by

(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x) (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

and the preorder (in fact a partial order) defined by

fg    xX  f(x)g(x) f \le g \iff \forall x \in X \; f(x) \le g(x)

So it's a very nice thing! The morphisms are arbitrary commutative monoid homomorphisms, which automatically preserve the partial order.

view this post on Zulip Adittya Chaudhuri (Apr 22 2025 at 05:16):

Thanks!! It is interesting!

view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Apr 22 2025 at 07:34):

(deleted)

view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Apr 22 2025 at 14:45):

I think whether OO is left adjoint to UU depends on what I mean by OrdCommMon\mathsf{OrdCommMon}.

If I mean "commutative monoid object in the category of preorders" I think the answer is no, because there's nothing stopping me from giving any monoid a trivial order with only reflexive comparisons. And such an ordered monoid has almost no monotonic functions into it, but lots of monoid homomorphisms into the underlying monoid.

However, if OrdCommMon\mathsf{OrdCommMon} requires for any object MM, we have 0m0 \leq m for all mMm \in M and a+b=c    aca + b = c \implies a \leq c, then I think OO is a left adjoint.

I can't quite tell whether that's a natural definition for a category of ordered commutative monoids though.

view this post on Zulip James Deikun (Apr 22 2025 at 15:29):

Your second condition implies your first. Also, the second condition is basically just saying the order of MM is an extension of the order of OUMOUM.

view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Apr 22 2025 at 15:33):

Is it being an extension "boring" or overly restrictive? Or are you giving me a suggestion for how to say what I mean?

view this post on Zulip James Deikun (Apr 22 2025 at 15:34):

I think OO just gives the minimal preordering on a commutative monoid that makes addition inflationary in all arguments. But I can't think of a nice way to phrase that like "living in a certain category" because being inflationary only makes sense for endomorphisms.

view this post on Zulip James Deikun (Apr 22 2025 at 15:35):

It's up to you whether being an extension bores you or not, but it does make the fact that OO ends up being the left adjoint rather tautologous.

view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Apr 22 2025 at 16:05):

Given that, I think the answer to Baez's question is "no".

While thinking about this and similar orders on monoids it did get me to wonder if I could find a functor C:PreMonC : \mathsf{Pre} \rightarrow \mathsf{Mon} such that Pre(O(m),p)Mon(m,C(p))\mathsf{Pre}(O(m), p) \cong \mathsf{Mon}(m, C(p)) was an adjunction.

But I wasn't able to solidify the definitions into a form that did what I wanted.

And the more I thought about it the less I was convinced it was true as written.

But the idea was given a sufficiently nice pre-order maybe there was a monoid dual to it.

view this post on Zulip Alex Kreitzberg (Apr 22 2025 at 16:13):

I was going to come back to it after understanding adjoint functors a bit better.