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Is there any Database (dictionary or library) where all discovered categories are described?
This stream started with a very similar question. Maybe you'll find some interesting links there.
I think the short answer is: there's nothing much better than the nLab right now, in terms of completely listing "all known categories" (an insanely ambitious goal).
But also: people could improve the nLab by making such a list easier to find, and better.
Right now you can find a listing of categories here:
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/all_pages/category
Click on the names to find more information about each one.